Managing Air Quality And Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

API or song Pollutant Index is the indexs used to specify glory smell. Malaysia used API dodge which fol impressions Pollutant Standard Index ( PSI ) which developed by United States milieual Protection Agency or US-EPA. childs play forest issues argon really planetary issue today. The haze phenomena which happened in the yr 1983, 1984, 1991, 1994 and 1997 has opened our eyes and increased consciousness that variant flavour issues essential(prenominal) be treated earnestly and an efficient plan must be developed in order to supervise, prevent and t peerless take radiate travel whole tone. Furthermore, loathsome A whoope Respiratory Syndrome ( SARS ) late detected in April 2004 in any case has addition consciousness on how of signifi female genital organce clean and good for you(p) air we needs. Malaya has growing for study transmutation from agricultural to fabricating based secernate since decennaries ago. realise on this, the political science of Malaysia h as enacted The Environmental Quality Act ( EQA ) in 1974. By the twelvemonth 1977, government activity has enacted Motor Vehicle ( assure of Smoke and grease-gun Emissions ) to see to it black fume which emitted from Diesel vehicles ( Heng 2002 ) .In Malaysia, Department of Environment ( DOE ) is responsible to supervise state air quality via 51 spotss which located in strategic topographic points either in re aspectntial and industrial countries.The increase Numberss of industrial activities and increaspill the beans vehicles contri only ifed signifi cig arttetly to air defilement. Harmonizing to DOE, move vehicles contributed 82 % to air pollution in Malaysia. How to the high ge atomic number 18st tip the vehicles statistics? Statistic by avenue Transport section of Malaysia ( until March 2010 ) shows registered autos in Malaysia is 8, 506 080 units, bike with 8,940230 units and macrocosm conveying with 162309 units. This immense Numberss of motor vehicles contribute signifi outhousetly to air pollution.Therefore, risky daze of air pollution must be monitored, manipulate and prevented as it is about im doable to unclutter it to zero degree but we layabout fix in concert to supply down the invasion and pollution.1.1 The VisionThe visual modality of the program is to take on nomadic beginnings ( motor vehicles ) and nonmoving beginnings ( industrial production mathematical process ) in Malaysia.1.2 Objective of Plan and GoalsAchieving desired air quality degree of tone down for nomadic beginnings and installations which emits pollutants1.3 Beginnings of Air Pollution in MalaysiaMotor vehicles argon the study subscribers to air pollution with 82 % and this is followed by nonmoving beginnings. The beginnings which categorized in stationary be including industrial installations much(prenominal) as chemical plants, trade name Millss, oil refineries and indicator workss. Generally, stationary contribute emanations about 20 % 25 % ( DOE cited in Yahya 2006 ) . Attempts ar taken by Malayan authorities to advancing sust personalable purlieu where Malaysia has been ranked 38 from 146 states worldwide in surround sustainability.1.4 Developing control objectsThe first handbill to develop control intents is finding precedence pollutants which argon air pollutants. In Malaysia, industrial realm and busy metropoliss much(prenominal) as Kuala Lumpur be largely affected with pollutants. Among place countries ar Shah Alam ( with 44 recorded unhealthful yearss per 350 yearss ) , Kuala Lumpur ( with 24 recorded unhealthy yearss ) and etc. The following measure is to look into side effects of the schemes selected. However, the suppuration of control schemes must affect multi stakeh venerableers operative squad such as the authorities organic fertilizer structures, private sectors, Non-Government organic structures ( NGO ) and the public engagement.1.5 tally SchemesThere are practical schemes in get the bu mp ofing the issue which areAir Quality Management schemeThis scheme consists of maturation and implementing air quality criterions which contains elements ofOptimum control schemeAbatement stepsCost-benefit or hail-effectiveness analysesAir quality appraisalEnvironmental harm appraisal andAbatement options of appraisalEmission control schemeEmission beginnings are determined by instance by instance footing.Fiscal motivator schemeBy this scheme, inducements such as gross revenues revenue enhancement are effrontery for those who are commanding air pollution.Cost benefit schemeThis scheme determines rationally how oftentimes harm should accept from air pollution compared to be in rationalize bolt down the harm.2.0 Engineering Control ConceptsBy and large, there are four technology constructs that fag end be applied to command emanation of air pollutants which is changing or modifying design of mathematical processChanging or modifying runing status of the procedureChange of natural stuffs and burnInstalling becharm pollution removal devices or system3.0 Long Term PlanUsing the right schemes for great term program are upshotant as the job arising must be set and analyzed foremost. As illustration, a instance happens of commanding industrial pollution at Sao Paolo, Brazil. They are concentrating at particulate matter affair emanations which work out ond by industries. In another(prenominal) manus, dust emanations caused by traffics or prompts really were the major jobs and had been overlooked. Therefore, side effects, root causes and beginnings must be determine to choose incorporate and suitable attacks.3.1 Emission Tax FeeFor long term Air Quality military commission program, Malaysia whitethorn larn and implement as what had been implemented in chinaware. Taiwan has introduced and implementing emanation revenue enhancement fee in 1995 for defilers. The scenario is about resembling as Malaysia where stationary beginnings and nomadic begi nning are the chief subscribers for pollution in Taiwan. Harmonizing to Chung-Hsing National University investigate, 50 % of SO2 emanation has been reduced since 1997 to the twelvemonth 2000. How did they birth this? They used TEDS or Taiwan Emission Database as stock lists for this research. This research has shows consequences where pollutants are existence connected closely with their emanation distributions. For Malayan, local universities may take portion and contribute to research that may take to high engineering invention in order to bring forth healthy air quality. There a tonss of universities that is capable in carry oning researches in Malaysia such as Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) , Universiti Malaya ( UM ) and etc.These stairss in my sentiment are a good measure as the research can be continues for long term in any event bring forthing high quality and Numberss of station alumna pupils in Malaysia.3.2 Government Engag ementIn order to accomplish developed state vision and at the same set stay its environment sustainability, Malaysia must incessantly break off air quality direction which has begun in 2002. Two overage ages subsequently in 2004, Ministry of immanent Resources and Environment was formed which consists of 10 environment and natural resources bureaus. Happening of haze phenomena late in Muar, Johor on nineteenth October 2010 has opened our eyes how serious air quality and the impacts are to us. Schools were conscious to shut temporarily by De in duey Prime Minister as countermeasures to forestall the state of affairs from acquiring worse. Therefore, countermeasures such as implementing soused Torahs should be do where compound should be implemented to those who are knotty in industries which produce pollution, undo combustion, over limit emanations or exhaust from nomadic and etc.3.3 Rigorous Environment Quality RegulationsChart 1 Registered Vehicles in Malaysia ( by twelvemo nth )Mobile beginnings remain as the biggest subscribers of pollutants in term of C monoxide and N oxide emanations. Harmonizing to Road Transport Department, Numberss of vehicles and Mobiles in Malaysia were increasing any twelvemonth as is Chart 1.In 2004, Environment Quality Regulation ( Control of Emission from Motorcycles ) has been gazette. This nevertheless, need to be updated from clip to clip as our state are turning even though universe economic system clime is about to retrieve. Table 3.3 ( a ) as per below shows the statistics of increasing registered Numberss of vehicles in Malaya grade / Types of Registered vehicles20052006200720082009Cars537900458294468512537092513954Motorcycles422255448751484598543122441545 customary vehicles99819090769297138209Table 3.3 ( a ) Registered Vehicles in Malaysia as recorded by Road TransportDepartment ( by Year )Large Numberss of vehicles besides means big sum of emanation. Therefore, enforcement and reappraisal of air quality ordinanc e must be done often and settle the latest demand. Department of Environment ( DOE ) Malaysia must play major functions in implementing cockeyed ordinances. DOE may patterns periodic audit to set forth harmonizing to Environment Quality Act 1974. Besides that, other actions that suggested to be performed are fastening sunrise(prenominal) application for licensing ( as subdivision 11 ) .3.4 Public EngagementPublic engagement may guarantee that community and other parties working together in the development procedure. Populaces may taked by describing any unfastened combustion or improper industries activities in their estate to the governments bureaus. Malayan may larn from US citizens civilization where persons are responsible and develop their ain program which called State Implementation Plan or sip which link up to air quality issues. Harmonizing to the program, each province must hold ain SIP. Each province in US is required to hold SIP which contains schemes and control steps to get the better of pollution issues.4.0 Mobile get-go Control StrategyProposed action on commanding nomadic beginnings isPlan 4.1 modern Vehicles DesignEmission from Mobiles can be controlled by assorted orders. One of the methods is utilizing catalytic convertors. catalytic convertor was a device introduced by a Gallic automatonlike applied scientist whom is Eugene Houdry. The catalytic are functioned to diminish toxic emanations from internal keen engine. Nowadays, autos are equipped with this device which maps to cut down C monoxide, VOCs and nighttime emanations.Vehicles are besides can plan to accommodate environment companionate and at the same clip utilizing less polluting fuels. Therefore, less emanation and pollutants are produced.Plan 4.2 Conduct Awareness plan and runUsing media, public run, seminars and uninterrupted plan on may increase consciousness on emanations produced by Mobiles or stationary beginnings. Media plays large influences in our life daily in particular in presenting teaching. Educating batch particularly at school and universities may implement from now on to born the earlier consciousness. In guaranting the run works efficaciously, internet sack can be selected as a medium to present messages such as Green Technology run in TV3 channel.Plan 4.3 Amendment and presenting consecutive regulations and ordinancesGovernment organic structures such as Road Transport Department ( JPJ ) could play of upshot map such as carry oning on a ceaseless basis and scheduled vehicles review. Inspection and safekeeping is a vanquish manner to guarantee emanations are controlled right and efficaciously. In United States, rider autos and trucks are required to run into rigorous pollution criterions in the lead it can be sold to market. Malaysia besides can implement and better this method better particularly for vehicles which has been used for more than 5 old ages. In other words, rigorous pollution criterions are reviewed an d implemented on a even basis.Besides that, higher compound can be introduced to do veritable the ordinances are effected efficaciously.Plan 4.4 Introducing and advancing Green Technology Mobiles in MalayaPresents, hybrid engine and electric autos has been get downing to developed and marketed. Toyota, Honda, Mitsubishi and other giant automotive companies are viing with each other to bring forth environment friendly autos. In order to command Mobiles emanations in Malaysia, why non PROTON, PERODUA and MODENAS working together to develop hybrid and electric based engines which involved motorcycles, autos, trucks and MPV s. This measure may guarantee that our hereafters are immaculate where less fumes and emanations are produced. Malaysia still used fuck upoline based and so removed, no loanblend or to the full electric based engines can be piece on the route.By taking action today, who knows, possibly all vehicles in the hereafter are 90 % utilizing electric and intercrossed engines. This issue has been brocaded by Deputy Prime Minister, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin whom urged Malayan companies to put in maturation green and clean engineering for future vehicles. Collaboration with local universities, sellers and makers could recognize this program as Malaysia had more than 690 maker of constituents and 110 of bikes makers.Plan 4.5 Applying technology control constructsLet s take an illustration from India as something we could larn and adapted. In India, 70 % of air pollution is caused by motor vehicles, two fissure engines as the major subscriber, use of old autos which is more than 20 old ages and uses of low quality fuel with high S contents ( in Diesel ) . Therefore, the countermeasures taken are bettering fuel quality strengthen care and review and decrease of benzine from 3 % to merely 1 % .The constructs of adaptation of natural stuffs and fuels are efficaciously solved this issue. In Malaysia, we could see vehicles which are 5 old ages and so metime ages up to 10 old ages are still traveling on the route. This civilization is wholly different in Japan where they provide alter to new-fashioned autos after it achieve quintet old ages of use. wherefore non in Malaysia, we strengthen review and care polity for vehicles for every 5 old ages or less? This could guarantee that vehicles on the route are safe and lone bring forth forgetful per centum of emanations.Plan 4.6 Bettering Fuel QualityMost underdeveloped states are working on cut downing contents of S and lead. By bettering fuel quality, it is indirectly presenting Compressed Natural Gas ( CNG ) which free of S and lead. PETRONAS nevertheless has done fuel quality betterment by being the first oil company in Malaysia whom offer SL service categorization of American Petroleum Institute ( API ) . Now, PETRONAS is circumstantially the first in the universe which offer engine oil with new API SM categorization. Therefore, support from authorities and uninterrupted researches are required to better fuels quality from clip to clip. Universities and private sectors should works together in this scheme as engineering can be portion and being amend from clip to clip.5.0 Stationary Beginnings Control StrategyPower works, smelters, cement workss, refineries and other industrial procedures are categorized as stationary beginnings. The federal agents that must be considered to choose appropriate scheme areStationary beginning statusControl of cleverness required andPollutant collectedTherefore, suggested program to command stationary beginnings in Malaysia arePlan 5.1 Interstates coordination and cooperationNatural gas are widely use in power generating sectors. Due to that, interstate plan can be introduced to command earn papers particularly in identified country with high possible pollution such as industries country and exceedingly development or building country. Harmonizing to Country Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management ( 2006 ) , major industries which impacting air quality in Malaysia areIron and steel industryOil and gas industryPetrochemical sectors shape and paperPower workss andWaste incineration sectorTherefore, attempts are taken to cut down seemence on the use of natural gas since octette Malaysia Plan and it is expected to cut down to 56 % in the twelvemonth 2010. Government should work hard on this continuously as we could non depend 100 % on natural gas and crude oil beginnings as the costs are acquiring higher for the exploring costs. Systematic informations and constitution of informations middle which portions information between provinces may roll up all information demands, outline intent and looking for the countermeasures based on instance by instance.Plan 5.2 Application of Nano-technologyNowadays, we can hear everybody speaking about Nano-technology development. What is meant by Nano-technology? Harmonizing to Merriam-Webster vocabulary ( 1987 ) , it is define as an art of biff stringsing stuffs on an atomic or molecule particularly to develop microscopic devices . Construction stuffs, merchandises such as skate board and etc and place applications merchandise can be produce by this method. As an illustration, air conditioner are developed utilizing this new engineering. For air conditioner, Nano Carbon, Nano Silver and NanoPhotocatalyst are some of the illustrations that have been marketed. Therefore, authorities may disclose support by cut downing revenue enhancement and financial esteems to Malaysians in order to promote them to purchase these types of merchandises.Plan 5.3 Applying control engineeringsStationary beginnings can be control by utilise technology control concepts every bit mentioned above ( publish 2.0 ) such as use of low Sulfur fuels. As an illustration, TNB power Stationss in Jana Manjung as reported in TV3 is utilizing low Ss and low bitumen coal as its chief beginnings in bring forthing electric power and at the same clip cut do wn pollution. The works was equipped with waste body of water intervention to handle its wastewater before released into the sea. The works can be the best samples as it bet higher emanation criterions in ASEAN as it operates to particulate degrees of merely 50 mg/NmA? compared to expected ASEAN degree which is 400 mg/NmA? . Even though the cost is high, this application is seems benefit us and at the same clip control and cut down pollution.The other method is through fuel pricing where cleaner fuels should included in economic inducements. Due to this, cleaner fuels may gazette as control monetary value points in Malaysia. This has been announced on 10th June 2010 by Malayan Prime Minister, Dato Sri Mohd Najib lay in Tun Haji Abdul Razak on RMK 10 where he stressed that the monetary value of those points are guaranteed will non to increased dramatically.Plan 5.4 Adapting International Standard Organization ( ISO )ISO is a widely known organisation which formed connexion betwe en public sectors and authorities. In order to accomplish desired degree of control, implementing ISO criterions may one of effective schemes as the criterions are compiled in inside informations. The illustrations of criterions which can be applied areNo.StandardAims1.ISO8573-12010Specify pureness of plastered air at peculiar point2.ISO8573 Parts 2 to 9To prove air tight system for specific pollutions3.ISO8573-42001Test method for solid atom content4.ISO8573-62003Test method for gaseous contamination contentModern installations which required by ISO already included legal attacks which the ends are to accomplish stringent air quality degrees.Plan 5.5 Promoting cleaner productionsThis means, profound and procedure were running with high efficiency to forestall or cut down pollution of air, H2O and air. By proper direction of production, stuffs, zilch and cost can be salvage a batch. Besides that, presenting permission or particular license for extremely pollutant procedures c an be done in productions.Plan 5.6 Industrial Zoning PlanningBasically, industries country should turn up far from residential or sensitive countries. Resettlement of bing industries zone besides can be considered but that depends on economical factors. For sensitive country, monitoring can be done by turn uping proper instruments to supervise and command emanations. Resettlement of major beginning of pollution besides can be considered as had been done for cement works in Haiphong, Vietnam. The works has identified by Vietnam Environmental Management Strategy as major subscribers of hang particulates. As solutions, the authorities of Vietnam has agreed to relocate the works as the best countermeasure.6.0 Factors should considered during development of control schemesConsideration must be taken before developing and implementing control schemes efficaciously. The factors which must be review areEconomic factorsEconomic factors that must be considered are capital, runing cost, life clip of equipments and care. The chief inquiries here will be who will bear the cost? Ideally, the authorities must put for the installations and latest engineering must be updated particularly for high engineering equipments, the operating cost and care occupation to keep it. Therefore, those who are involve and caused pollution should pay or compounded or utilizing the Polluter Pays Principles .This is besides a manner to bring forth and obtain support. This can be used for environmental intent, care of equipments such as monitoring devices, runing cost and as a fund for implementing schemes. This has been implemented in Taiwan where the financess are used for financing advanced thoughts and besides back uping research sing air quality issues.6.0.2 Environmental factorsAir quality conditions in Malaysia are monitored by Department of Environment ( DOE ) through 51 Stationss. In add-on, 21 different sites utilizing High Volume Sampler were established to mensurate full(a) suspend ed particulate, particulate affair PM10 and heavy metal. Therefore, possible industry country such as palm oil workss, steel industries, cements and etc must aimed as precedence country to be monitored.Presents, environment conditions are altering instantly. Why? Haze phenomena are something must be look at. It happens 1000s stat mis from Malaysia and all of a sudden we faced the effects here. In planing effectual control scheme, factor that must be considered includesLegal demandsContribution of control system as pollutantAmbient air quality conditionsAdequate public-service corporations such as H2O scrubbersMalayan Environment Quality Act 1974 is related to bar, sweetening to environment and control of pollution. As the clip maintain traveling on, these statute laws should be review as environment and pollution issues are being wider consort now. One the issue is haze which has been faced by Malaysia late. Therefore, control scheme as rigorous statute laws is one of good method w hich can be applied in Malaysia.In most underdeveloped states, rigorous criterions are set and applied for new imported autos as a manner to cut down bing job of pollution in a metropolis.As DOE is the section whom supervising air quality conditions, they are responsible to turn up the monitoring devices. As to day of the month, strategic locations has been equipped with Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station as per below image.Photograph 6.0.2a Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station ( DOE Photo Library )Besides that, ambient air quality is monitored by 51 Stationss which located strategically. Therefore, these equipments must be maintained and new 1s should be considered if air quality in that new country ( such as industry or extremely polluted ) detected calumnious to human wellness.Engineering factorsBesides environment and economic factor, technology factors besides play of import functions. Engineering factors should be considered in developing schemes. Factors such as gas watercourse quality, public presentation features of control system used, contaminant characteristic i.e. toxicity must be identified and analyzed. Therefore, this may assist a batch in developing the right approaches or schemes.Besides that, it is of import to see all technology instruments available. This is because experience has shows that utilizing multiple is most effectual for peculiar air issue.As an illustration, an beforehand epitome of the effectual analysis of a scheme implemented has been done in Chennai, India. Assessment was conducted and treat dioxide emanation has emanating in populated country from thermic workss. By prosecute adept advisers, scrubbers and mechanical dust aggregators has been chosen as the most effectual pick to work out this issue. As the consequences, sulfur dioxide emanations from thermic works have been reduced to 90 % . From this scenario, we can state that thorough analysis must be conducted before placing and accommodate the best sch eme to be adapted.Today, tonss of modern and sophisticated equipments or devices available for the intent of commanding pollution. It can be used as tools for monitoring, commanding, destructing contaminations from exhaust watercourse and to take them before it is emitted to atmosphere. Some of the devices that can be usage are bag houses, particulate scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators and mechanical aggregator such as dust cyclone. Therefore, using new engineerings for both of pollution beginnings should be considered in developing control schemes.DecisionsMultiple pick of schemes are seems the better manner in battling Mobile and stationary beginnings of pollution. The selected attacks may non accommodate all instance at one clip. It may depend on the root cause or emanations produced. Due to that, depending on merely one method of attacks or schemes is non a good pattern.The impact of side effects or pro and cons of a scheme being develop must be studied and good plan. Again, coaction with authorities organic structures, private sectors and local universities can be formed for these intents. This is due that to assorted establishments whether authorities or non authorities are responsible to pull off and keeping air quality in Malaysia. In short, cooperation is extremely required for preparation of effectual schemes.Public sectors may affect in assisting authorities implementing control schemes. Therefore, squad work is indispensable in developing and implementing selected schemes.In implementing a scheme whether in get the better ofing Mobile or stationary beginnings, the scheme itself should develop in cooperation with authorities, private sectors, and besides civil society. By this manner, it will advance sense of ownership particularly to guarantee the successful of 1 Malaysia non merely for development of our state, economic but including environment issues.However, those developed schemes must be monitored. This is due to of import of covering cl early the different phases or stages of execution. Therefore, the advancement can be track and the scheme can be improved.Media besides could play of import functions in scattering information and consciousness sing air quality plan. This is easier as cyberspace is one of the best options available. This scheme has been implemented in mainland China as their authorization s organic structures describing on pollutants in 42 metropoliss as an consciousness plan get downing from the twelvemonth of 1999.